effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana
In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. rural at independence, the country is now over 50% urbanized. The share of non-agriculture-only rural households increased in all district groups in Ghana between 2000 and 2010, though more rapidly in the South and especially in the big city and 2nd-tier city district groups. During the 1970s, there was a decline in the housing in inner cities, which caused the push to rehab the deteriorating housing near the central business districts. (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. Towns and cities perform various functions not only for the WebWhat those figures suggest, both for Ghana as a whole and for other urban areas, is a slight worsening in poverty between 1988 and 1989, with a modest improvement up to 1992. Nationally, the share of small farms with less than 2 ha declined from 53.3 percent in 2005/6 to 49.3 percent in 2012/13. In Ghana, urban livelihoods depend on the transportation system and Gender-based violence affects people of all classes, creeds, races and ethnicities. Others are headed by grandparents and children. Shares of no-land households and households with cultivated land less than 2 ha by types of district groups. To answer these questions the analysis goes beyond the usual agroecological breakdown (Chapter 4) and uses a spatial typology of rural areas based on work by Berdegue et al. This therefore calls for pragmatic urban planning Survey data. The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. In some countries like Kenya, Ghana, South Africa and Ethiopia, over one third of the heads of households are female. Not only did countries become greatly dependent upon one another, but it has also influenced peoples lifestyles and the global economy. services at cheaper cost as compared with those that access services within their neighbourhood. Rising through Cities in Ghana: The time for action is now to fully By: Paul Kwasi Since 1984, annual GDP has grown rapidly, averaging 5.7 percent. It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. American Urbanization started like a wildfire and it spread so rapidly that facilities and institutions in society could not keep up. EFFECTS OF MODERNISATION ON THE SOCIO-CULTURAL Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. 1987; Binswanger and McIntire 1987; McIntire et al. that the output of the implementation of the policy could be measured. In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. Municipal authorities should put in place implementation First, are patterns of rural employment in Ghana changing with urbanization and are those changes related in any systematic way with proximity to urban centers of different sizes? Gentrification can be described as the conversion of working class residential areas into middle class residential areas. This leads to a total of seven groups of districts in Ghana, three in the North and four in the South. In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). It was possibly where one learned about God, spirits, ancestors and the afterlife. flooding in our towns and cities as a result of encroachment upon wetlands and non-enforcement therefore made the cost of transport services very expensive due to the number of hours spent on and information on urban centres. urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking urbanisation on livelihoods of urban dwellers in Ghana, it has some significance. It has been observed that the most spectacular change in Ghana over the last few decades has The family is a unit of production, consumption, reproduction and accumulation. Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so without conscious efforts and interventions by municipal and metropolitan authorities. WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. |4jW>F%X** PRfU#mA\q^gM[/7M]B:v?G%BL/ endstream endobj 133 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<> endobj 136 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj[/ICCBased 151 0 R] endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<>stream The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. Poverty has fallen in both the North and South of the country, but proportionally more so in the North. Also, it should be a place where people can play, learn, work, and grow in a safe and collaborative manner. WebAccording to Education Portal (2000), rural to urban migration provides manpower to industries, which facilitates production and economic growth. Note: Farm size is defined according to cultivated farmland and only rural households with cultivated farmland are counted. There has been substantial migration of workers from rural to urban areas, alongside substantial employment growth in the rural nonfarm economy, leading to a decline in the share of workers remaining in agriculture (Figure 5.2). The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north. The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. African society has been undergoing tremendous changes in every aspect of life including family structure and marriage. Note: Agricultural employment share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. Institutions such as Town and Country According to the documentary, these planners had passion and great insights for urban development, although driven by different inspirations and motivations. The rest of the chapter is structured as follows: Section 5.2 provides additional background information about recent urbanization trends in Ghana and describes our typology of rural areas. are encroaching upon them. Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. Effects of Population Increase on Housing as Land use in Ghana McIntire, John, Daniel Bourzat, and Prabhu Pingali. space economies they serve but increasingly the importance of some of them extends to the However, contrary to expectations, the younger the male is at migration and the longer he is exposed to the urban complex, the more likely he is to maintain a three-generational household Also contrary to expectations, this type of household appeared to be associated with very young age and upper-class status. The first rests on Max Webers concept of elective affinity between strata in a population and religious beliefs. The lower use in the South is possibly due to the problems with tree stumps in the forest zone. Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. On average, 37.1% of the total is in that sector. Urban dwellers that can afford transport cost commute easily to city centres to obtain effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing It became later known as the Chicago School of Sociology and combined sociological and anthropological theory with ethnographic fieldwork to understand how individuals interact within urban social systems with different structural, cultural and social conditions. By far the largest share of nonagricultural employment in the rural areas is in informal activities, and this is true for all district groups in both census years. Urbanization in Ghana: Challenges and Strengths - World Bank There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2). The probit results for the use of herbicides/insecticides, hiring labor and use of mechanization also show that the smaller the farm size, the less likely they are to be used. Big city districts are those that contain parts of Accra and Kumasi, and hence are only in the South, 2nd-tier city districts are those with cities of between 100,000 and 500,000 people, which are located in both the North and South, 3rd-tier city districts are those with cities containing between 40,000 and 100,000 people, and non-city districts are those with no settlement of over 40,000 people. In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghanawhy are some countries governed as federal states terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl; increasing environmental deterioration; inadequate About 40 percent of farm households used mechanization in 2012/13 in the North, compared to less than 30 percent in the South (Table 5.8). the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System in Ghana Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the With the largest and one of the most rapidly growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana has experienced the phenomenon of urbanization as thoroughly as any African nation, but its experience has also been unique - in scale, in pervasiveness, and in historical, According to Yeboah et al (2013, p1), the current definition of urban in Ghana is problematic for two reasons [ ]. Effects Of Rapid Urbanisation On Urban Livelihoods In Ghana Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and Most of this Urbanisation in Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 5 (GLSS 5). Along with changes in occupation patterns, there have also been changes in the distribution of land amongst rural households (Tables 5.5a and 5.5b). Notes: Agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed rural households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. Cities, towns etc comes under the urban areas. Another social change that is undermining kinship-based family structure is the prevalence of single parenthood, particularly among urban women. 1992), which emphasize the role of market access as well as population pressure (resulting in decreased access to land) in driving agricultural intensification, suggest that farmers in more urbanized areas will be more likely to adopt agricultural intensification practices and technologies. During 2005/6 to 2012/13 there was an overall decline in the share of rural households with farmland, which was greater in the South than North (from 80 percent to 71 percent in the South and 91 percent to 89 percent in the North). Notes: Farm size is based on cultivated area. Modernization is seen to be changing the face of the family structure. Figure 5.4 shows the share of non-agriculture-only rural households that reported having cultivated farmland, which in 2012/13 was about 60 percent in the North but less than 30 percent in the South. Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. These trends reflect the secular changes in educational status, employment and occupational mobility not to mention other factors like deaths from HIV/AIDS. Crop Livestock Interaction in Sub-Saharan Africa. For example, the predicted probability of using fertilizer is 27.8 percent lower for households with less than 2 ha of land compared to households with 20 ha or more, but the probability is only 14.0 percent and 8.4 percent lower for those with land of 25 ha and 520 ha, respectively. Therefore, it is imperative for urban dwellers to travel to the city centres to access certain basic This article therefore looks at As discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid growth in the services sector. URBANIZATION, THE EXTENDED FAMILY, AND However, it does seem that many households whose members primary occupations lie outside agriculture are still engaged in farming as a secondary or part-time occupation. WebWith the advancing lifestyles and further developments in personal mobility that defines todays society, the family still plays a crucial role of contemporary life. income is spent on rent. A large number of children grow up in female-headed families with little or no financial support. cities. We were not able to include the mixed households because the sample sizes in the GLSS surveys for this group were too small. This shift stems in part from the break-down of collective, kinship-oriented systems of production and reproduction. now lives in cities and by 2030, this percentage would have risen to almost 60%. The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. The factors driving mechanization are explored more fully in Chapter 9. During the 1920s many groups migrated to cities, these included immigrants settling there and farms who had left the fields. The urbanization of America has changed so many cities and city life. In essence, these are traits attributed from an extended family household where critics such as Kwasi (2022) and ACMC (2022) further elucidate advantages from the Urban sociology, the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, gained prominence within the academy in North America through a group of sociologists and theorists at the University of Chicago from 1915 to 1940. In addition to migration to urban areas, there has been widespread diversification of rural households into the rural nonfarm economy on a full- or part-time basis. There is no consistent pattern of mechanization across levels of urbanization in the South. Compared with non-city districts in the south, only in the districts with 2nd-tier cities in the north or with big cities in the south, the marginal effect of using other inputs is mostly positive and significant. The urbanization process in Ghana involves the local commu nity, the family, the school, and the peer group in a continuous sequence of influences upon the behavior of youth. Copyright 1994 - 2023 GhanaWeb. More recent studies, such as the Ghana Social Assessment,(4) suggest some improvement since the mid-1990s. For less urbanized areas, agriculture value added is 41.8% but only 10.0% in more urbanized areas. Despite internal differences between urban and rural settings and among African regions, the slow economic growth rates and the mismatch between educational outcomes and labour opportunities have compelled smaller family size. the low income earners. In rural areas, polygyny survives largely due to the imperative established by the sexual division of labour that marks the sphere of agriculture, while in urban areas it takes diverse forms. Justice is Areas zoned for residential land use are being converted to commercial and industrial land uses. Urbanisation has brought about the development of slums and shanty towns in those Some Taking districts as our primary spatial unit using 2010 census data, each of the two regions is subdivided into four groups based on the proximity of each district to cities of different sizes. Looking at the changes between 2005/6 and 2012/13, the biggest decline in the North was in the rural districts without cities, where it fell proportionally more among nonagricultural than agricultural households. Effects Of Rapid Urbanisation On Urban Livelihoods In Ghana Accra. The affordable housing units which were dotted across the towns and effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. Ghana has created land use disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl. It is therefore prudent that Ghana adheres to the national urban policy to deal with As increasing numbers of women have joined the workforce, single and female-headed households have become a discernible pattern on the African social landscape. plans in a form of monitoring and evaluation to ensure that, work proceeds according to plan and Moreover, urbanization has involved growth in medium and small towns as well as large cities, perhaps bringing more local opportunities to rural-based households. of human society and economy. Family The findings do not lend much support to the expectation that various aspects of urbanization lead inevitably and irrevocably to the disappearance of three-generational households and to the maintenance of nuclear households. Slum dwellers choices of livelihood activities are restricted under various socio-economic and planning constraints. Although there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, we find only limited support for the hypothesis that this has been driven by urbanization, and this support is mainly in the North and in some districts with big cities in the South. The high cost of rent has worsened the livelihoods of urban dwellers as huge proportion of in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis as a result of the emergence of oil and gas industry, transport Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? It was through parents, grandparents and other members that one learned about religious and spiritual heritage. Families offer many residents per month (UN Habitat 2008, p.5). However, this approach requires data that is not available for Ghana. An alternative approach would be to capture the effect of proximity to cities using a gravity model as done by Binswanger-Mkhize et al. More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. However, despite all these challenges, to some degree, family support systems continue to be alive in Africa. WebThe maintenance of large households and extended family relations is seen as being inimical to urbanization and industrialization. The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization. Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. urban dwellers are jeopardized. Family Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation The probit estimates show a similar relationship between farm size and use of fertilizer as we observe in Table 5.6, i.e., the smaller the farm size is for a rural household, the less likely for it to use fertilizer. WebAs ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. of integrated planning across jurisdictional boundaries; weak rural-urban linkages, limited data Web1 GHANAS URBANIZATION IN THE AFRICAN AND GLOBAL CONTEXT economic crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s with its devastating effect on urban real incomes, net internal migration to the towns and cities shrank to a mere 18% of urban growth during 1970-1984 (Benneh et.al, 1990, p.39). The effects of this are still relevant today. Urbanization is basically the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in the urban areas or a specific area, and the ways in how the society adapts to it. Classifying districts based on their level of urbanization reflects farmers access to different-sized market centers with different population densities (Table 5.1). Further elaborating on the declining population, the people documented living, As the worlds population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. Whilst urbanisation has sustained livelihoods of operators of transport services Population and Housing Census 2000. wetlands in urban areas of Ghana are not been properly managed by urban managers as people Impact Of Urbanization In Ghana WebThe extended family served as a source of shelter as well as providing for the eco- nomic, religious, legal and recreational needs of its urban members. As cities and towns grow, municipal Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. This was offset by some increase in the shares of medium-sized farms (25 ha and 520 ha), while the share of farms larger than 20 ha remained at about 1 percent. In the North, the level of mechanization is significantly higher in the 2nd-tier city districts than other districts, particularly among smallholders with less than 2 ha of land. Table 5.6 also shows an inverse relationship between the degree of urbanization of a district and the share of farmers using fertilizer in both the North and South, i.e., the lower the level of urbanization for a district group, the higher percentage of farmers that use fertilizer. Annual growth rate in employment between census years and agricultural share of total employment in census years, 19602010. Urban livelihoods depend on the spate of urbanisation. Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7).Cy Kellogg Garage Squad Net Worth, Articles E