foods to avoid with vulvodynia
Sigrid Regauers correspondence to Ratners article followed in 2016 relating MCAS to bladder pain syndrome (BPS), interstitial cystitis (IC), and vulvodynia. A. Vulvodynia is a chronic pain syndrome affecting the vulva the outer tissue surrounding the vagina and urethra. Acupuncture -- be sure to find a practitioner familiar with treating vulvodynia. Combined physical and psychosexual therapy for provoked vestibulodyniaan evaluation of a multidisciplinary treatment model. Many specialist doctors who run vulval clinics in this country are sceptical about the treatment, as much of the evidence has not been published in the medical literature and the treatment is not of proven value. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2003;46: 77382 . You may view these resources at www.acog.org/More-Info/PersistentVulvarPain. [, Bowen AR, Vester A, Marsden L, Florell SR, Sharp H, Summers P. The role of vulvar skin biopsy in the evaluation of chronic vulvar pain. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has identified additional resources on topics related to this document that may be helpful for ob-gyns, other health care providers, and patients. 2 Melverton-2 2 hr. Gabapentin. It binds minerals and has been linked to kidney stones and other health problems. Persistent vulvar pain. Foods high in fiber include: 14 Whole grains like oatmeal, quinoa, and barley Most beans, legumes, nuts, and seeds Cooked artichoke Cooked sweet potato Berries and Processed foods, and those that have caffeine, acid, and lots of sugar can make symptoms worse. This is the outside area of a woman's genitals. Vulvodynia is a diagnosis of exclusion. Q. Ive had pain and burning near the entrance to my vagina for a long time. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:58393. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2003;46:77382 . Thats right. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. The terms oxalic acid and oxalate are used interchangeably in nutrition science. Waxhaw [NC]: ISSVD; 2013. Vulvar and vaginal pain are common symptoms of various conditions, including infections and skin disorders. Even symptoms of vulvodynia, an idiopathic dysfunction affecting 4-16% of women, have been shown to correlate to diet. Vulvodynia The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center recommends 8 to 13 cups of fluid per day 4. J Reprod Med 2008;53:17982. After following a low-oxalate diet combined with calcium citrate supplements, the woman was able to reduce her levels of urinary oxalate, as well as her vulvodynia symptoms 3. Oxalate is simply not a nutrient of concern for most people. A thorough history should identify the patients duration of pain, medical and surgical history, sexual history, allergies, and previous treatments. Vestibuloplasty (a procedure that involves incising the distal perimeter of the vulvar vestibule, undermining the vestibule, and securing it back in place after removal of only the underlying submucosal minor vestibular glands) is reported to be ineffective 14. Although we strive to deliver accurate and up-to-date information, no guarantee to that effect is made. Vulvodynia | Health Navigator J Low Genit Tract Dis 2005;9:4051 and Stockdale CK, Lawson HW. Avoid products and other items that may be irritating. A musculoskeletal evaluation would help rule out musculoskeletal factors associated with vulvodynia, such as pelvic muscle overactivity and myofascial or other biomechanical disorders. Women with vulvodynia should be assessed for pelvic floor dysfunction. Its important to remember, though, that vulvodynia is a specialist condition so not all GPs will be suitably clued up. Calcium See our Privacy and Cookies Policy for more information. One of these bacteria, Oxalobacter formigenes, actually uses oxalate as an energy source. Home Remedies to Ease the Pain of Vulvodynia - WebMD Keep shampoo, Most of your diet should consist of low-oxalate foods, which contain less than 2 milligrams of oxalate per serving. Even though calcium absorption from spinach is reduced, calcium absorption from milk is not affected when milk and spinach are consumed together (4). However, in a 1997 study, when 59 women with vulvodynia were treated with a low oxalate diet and calcium supplements, nearly a quarter experienced improvements in symptoms (14). WebThe low-oxalate diet - The Vulval Pain Society Treating vulval pain The low-oxalate diet A diet low in oxalate salts has been suggested as a treatment for women who experience Vestibulodynia (formerly vulval vestibulitis), Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD), Stress management and psychological therapies, Algorithm for the management of vulval symptoms, Smears without Tears: A womans guide to making a speculum examination more comfortable, A checklist in preparation for your vulval pain hospital consultation, Why we need research and how you can help, The Low Oxalate Cookbook (from the Vulvar Pain Foundation). Eating fiber and oxalate together may further hinder nutrient absorption (5). However, sometimes they bind to form crystals. Mast cell activation syndrome in pain syndromes bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis and vulvodynia. For women with vulvodynia, this scenario isnt just a one-off it can be every time or, as for Hazel, the pain may occur at random. The International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease described vulvodynia as vulvar discomfort, most often reported as burning pain, which occurs in the absence of relevant visible findings or a specific, clinically identifiable, neurologic disorder 3. What Is Imitation Crab and Should You Eat It? Foods Many of these medications are known to interact with other drugs, and patients with vulvodynia may be taking multiple medications. (Reprinted from Prendergast SA, Weiss JM. An emerging treatment for vulvodynia is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. In some people, these crystals can lead to the formation of stones, especially when oxalate is high and urine volume is low (1). How to Ensure Your Doctor Understands Your Migraine Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has been effective in other chronic pain conditions. 'And that pain can be continuous.'. Tight clothing restricts airflow to your genital area, often leading to increased temperature and moisture that can cause irritation. The newer consensus terminology notes that vulvar pain can be classified as vulvar pain caused by a specific disorder or vulvodynia. Some claim that raw honey is healthier than regular. Although optimal treatment remains unclear, consider an individualized, multidisciplinary approach to address all physical and emotional aspects possibly attributable to vulvodynia. Knowledge of anatomy of the vulva is essential in the diagnosis and evaluation of vulvodynia. Thus, excluding other treatable causes before assigning this diagnosis is imperative. The sources cited below consist of evidence from peer-reviewed journals, prominent medical organizations, academic associations, and government data. The cause is unknown, but it is not caused by infection, skin disease or cancer. Does less TV time lower your risk for dementia? Dosage can be increased over time from 300 mg total daily to a maximum dose of 3,600 mg daily (1,200 mg by mouth three times a day), and may need adjustment to avoid adverse effects. High oxalate foods may increase the risk of kidney stones in susceptible people. ago Bot pants and sitting is especially difficult to avoid. VDY can take the form of burning or any combination of stinging, irritation, itching, pain, or rawness anywhere from the mons pubis (bony protrusion where the pubic hairline begins) to the anus. [, Tommola P, Unkila-Kallio L, Paavonen J. Surgical treatment of vulvar vestibulitis: a review. How I cured my vulvodynia | Vulval Problems | Forums | Patient 'What we do know is that vulvodynia is a problem with the sensory nerves,' says Miss Tania Adib of The Medical Chambers Kensington. Amitriptyline. After being treated by a pelvic floor specialist for 7 months for vulvodynia, the patient was referred out for a nutrition consultation. When pain is present, the patient is asked to quantify it as mild, moderate, or severe. One popular treatment method for vulvodynia is a low-oxalate diet, which reduces the amount of a waste product called oxalate in the urine 3. But only if you get talking. Committee Opinion No. Lidocaine. WebDiet changes to avoid foods with oxalates, including spinach, beets, peanuts, and chocolate. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014. From beginners to advanced. WebIf you have vulvodynia, gentle care of the vulva is best. 5 Foods to Avoid When You Have Depression April 30, 2020. As well as being a source of chronic pain to the estimated 2.6 million women in the UK who deal with it, this is also one of many female-specific issue that's criminally under talked about. [, Bornstein J, Goldstein AT, Stockdale CK, Bergeron S, Pukall C, Zolnoun D, et al. BJOG 2008;115:116570. In fact, a study in the March 2008 issue of "The Journal of Reproductive Medicine" reports that high intake of oxalates in diet have nothing to do with an increased risk of vulvodynia 6. Some proponents of low oxalate diets say people are better off not consuming foods rich in oxalates, since they may have negative health effects. // Leaf Group Lifestyle. It can be difficult to treat, and rapid resolution is unusual, even with appropriate therapy. [, www.acog.org/More-Info/PersistentVulvarPain, Alliance for Innovation on Women's Health, Postpartum Contraceptive Access Initiative. 'I tried all of the medical treatments on offer but ultimately they were masking my symptoms so the pain always returned,' says Hazel. When taken in conjunction with a low-oxalate diet, calcium citrate supplements may help decrease the amount of oxalate that deposits in the tissues of the vulva and promote excretion of any excess oxalate 3. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199:467.e16. WebVulvodynia is defined as vulvar pain of at least 3 months duration without identifiable cause and with potential associated factors 2 Box 1. WebPants. Here are the 12 best vegan protein powders. So, what can be done? [, Backman H, Widenbrant M, Bohm-Starke N, Dahlof LG. The classification of vulvodynia is based on the site of the pain; whether it is generalized, localized, or mixed; whether it is provoked, spontaneous, or mixed; whether the onset is primary or secondary; and the temporal pattern (whether the pain is intermittent, persistent, constant, immediate, or delayed). Protect yourself before sex by applying a water-soluble lubricant. For anyone whos ever experienced pain during sex, youll know it has an annoying tendency to suck the fun right out of the pleasure party. According to the Vulval Pain Society, following a diet low in oxalate salts can ease symptoms of vulvodynia. WebBenefits. Fiber intake depends on age, gender, and sex. Decreases in pain may take weeks to months and may not be complete. This procedure should be done only after failure of other treatments. Diet Diet plays a big role in the symptoms of vulvodynia for better or worse. Although optimal treatment remains unclear, consider an individualized, multidisciplinary approach to address all physical and emotional aspects possibly attributable to vulvodynia. Wear loose-fitting pants and skirts. Return to top of page. Hearst UK is the trading name of the National Magazine Company Ltd, 30 Panton Street, Leicester Square, London, SW1Y 4AJ. Steer clear of tight-fitting skirts and pants. WebVulvodynia is the ongoing pain and discomfort of the vulva. People who are placed on low oxalate diets for kidney stones are usually instructed to eat less than 50 mg of oxalate each day. A Case Report. WebFruit and veggie juices (from the list below), chocolate milk, rice milk, hot cocoa, tea Drinks Chocolate drink mixes, soy milk, Ovaltine, instant iced tea, fruit juices of fruits listed below Suggestions Be aware of how many grams of oxalates you are WebVulvodynia (pronounced vul-vo-DIN-ee-a) is chronic pain in your vulva, and or vagina or genitals, with no apparent cause. The low-oxalate diet is also used for patients with kidney disorders, so unless you also suffer from kidney disorders please ignore any information in the literature regarding calcium-restricted or phosphate-restricted diets. The Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness, is yours absolutely FREE when you sign up to receive Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. See additional information. The vulvodynia patients had mast cell hyperplasia, most of which were degranulated, and 70% of the patients had comorbidities due to mast cell activation such as food allergies, histamine intolerance, infections, and fibromyalgia. National Vulvodynia Association. Women with vulvodynia describe burning, stinging, or aching pain that may occur spontaneously or be triggered by touch or activities such as sexual intercourse. It is important to ask permission to discuss the patients sexual history, even if permission seems implied. Your body can produce oxalate on its own or obtain it from food. Vulvodynia - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic Foods and Drinks to Avoid The information should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of treatment or procedure to be followed. Last medically reviewed on January 6, 2022. Cotton swab testing Figure 1 is used to identify the areas of pain (classifying each area of pain as mild, moderate, or severe) and to differentiate between generalized and localized pain. [, Andrews JC. The vulvodynia guideline. Some types of vulvar pain get better with creams or pills made to treat yeast infections. 'I was frequently mistreated for cystitis. These foods include: 1. 'Some days I would be unable to leave the house because of the pain even though I was taking painkillers. If you feel a burning sensation, wrap a frozen ice cube or gel pack in a small towel and hold it gently on your vagina for a few minutes. This article explains the differences between raw and regular honey. As Hazel knows firsthand, the causes of vulvodynia are uncertain, at best. Vulvodynia treatment. 'It can hurt to wear tight clothing,' says Adib. Vulvodynia: Causes, Symptoms, Management & Treatment Combined with a low-oxalate diet, calcium citrate supplements may relieve the pain, irritation, itching and burning associated with vulvodynia, notes Dr. Barbara Reed in a 2006 article published in American Family Physician.. Further research is needed. It consists of an excision limited to the painful portion of the vestibule from the hymen to the Hart line (the lateral boundary of the vulvar vestibule), including all tender parts extending to the anterior vestibule, if indicated 14. Idiopathic vulvar pain is classified as vulvodynia. Keep shampoo, which can flow down from your head while showering, away from your vaginal area. If medication and therapy do not solve a patients pain, perhaps eliminating the consumption of inflammatory foods could positively affect the body on a cellular level and relieve irritating symptoms of vulvodynia. Many foods that contain oxalates are delicious and provide many health benefits. Lead poisoning: What parents should know and do. Critique of new gynecologic surgical procedures: surgery for vulvar vestibulitis. For additional quantities, please contact [emailprotected] The vulva and vagina should be examined, and infection ruled out when indicated using tests, including wet mount, vaginal pH, fungal culture, and Gram stain, or other available point-of-care testing or polymerase chain reaction testing. Overnight 5% lidocaine ointment for treatment of vulvar vestibulitis. After years of pain with vulvodynia and five years of unsuccessful treatment with amitriptyline (a tricyclic antidepressant), I eventually sought acupuncture treatment. 'This is an oral antidepressant, but used at a very low dosage so it works instead to reduce the sensitivity of the nerve endings and so prevent pain,' Adib says. Our team periodically reviews articles in order to ensure content quality. I am now grateful I had it. Commonly prescribed topical medications include a variety of local anesthetics (which can be applied immediately before intercourse or in extended use), estrogen cream, and tricyclic antidepressants compounded into topical form. Vulvodynia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments - WebMD Treatment with calcium citrate generally begins with two tablets twice per day and then increases to 4 tablets twice per day in combination with a low-oxalate diet. Reprinted from International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease. Diagnosis. In general, many types of green leafy vegetables and berries are high A diagram of pain locations may be helpful in assessing the pain over time. Low-Oxalate Patients with secondary dyspareunia have greater odds of improvement compared with patients with primary dyspareunia; those with constant pain in addition to dyspareunia are less likely to achieve pain reduction after surgery 15. Read terms, Number 673 (Replaces Committee Opinion No. Get the latest in health news delivered to your inbox! Below is a list of foods high in oxalate (greater than 50 mg per 100-g serving) (21, 22, 23, 24, 25): The amounts of oxalates in plants vary from extremely high to very low. Referral to these resources does not imply the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists endorsement of the organization, the organizations web site, or the content of the resource. Box 1 classifies persistent vulvar pain. Vulvoscopy (an examination of the vulva for abnormal cells using a colposcope) is rarely needed. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. No surprises then that vulvodynia can have a big impact on your sex life. During instances when acetic acid is considered for application to a suspicious lesion, it is recommended that a biopsy be performed instead, to avoid the caustic effect of acetic acid on the vulva. Pee regularly instead of waiting for your bladder to be full, and rinse the vaginal area with water afterwards to clean it off. Eliminating those items and supplementing with magnesium, vitamin D3, probiotics, vitamin B12, and omega-3 allowed the patient to be symptom free of both vulvodynia and IBS for 6 months post-treatment. National Vulvodynia Association. Eliminating those items and supplementing with magnesium, vitamin D3, .css-26w0xw{display:block;font-family:NationalBold,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-26w0xw:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.18581rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-26w0xw{line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.28598rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-26w0xw{font-size:1.575rem;line-height:1.1;margin-bottom:-0.5rem;}}Davina McCall's new doc investigates contraception, What its like to live with life-ruining PMS, App study links periods and sporting performance, Lionesses' new kit designed to beat period worries, Menopause symptoms: What you need to know. He described vulvodynia as a pain syndrome with excessive mast cells and sensory nerve hyperinnervation, often found with BPS and IC. Future research should aim at evaluating a multimodal approach in the treatment of vulvodynia, along with more research on the etiologies of vulvodynia. Palpation of the urethrovaginal sphincter. She plans to continue on with her education, complete a master's degree program in nutrition and, ultimately, become a registered dietitian. It can be difficult to treat and rapid resolution is unusual, even with appropriate therapy. Learn where they come from, how to prevent them, and how to remove, Parmesan or Parmigiano-Reggiano is a hard Italian cheese. Other However, in sensitive individuals, high oxalate diets have been linked to an increased risk of kidney stones and other health problems. Adib also recommends switching your sanitary wear: 'Use non-perfumed towels and tampons as these are less of an irritant,' she says. Mast cell activation syndrome. However, given the variable presentation and individualized responses to treatment, causation is very likely multifactorial. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants also can be used for vulvodynia pain control. J Reprod Med 2004;49:7727. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Vulvodynia Signs and Symptoms. The vulvodynia diet, which was created by Dr. James R. Lewis in the 1940s, is a low-carbohydrate diet designed for those with A. Vulvodynia is a chronic pain syndrome affecting the vulva the outer tissue surrounding the vagina and urethra. Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight lossfrom exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. Persistent vulvar pain is a complex disorder that can be difficult to treat. It can give you the space you need to identify your pains triggers.'. Vulvodynia Patients may perceive this approach to mean the practitioner does not believe their pain is real; thus, it is important to begin any treatment approach with a detailed discussion, including an explanation of the diagnosis and determination of realistic treatment goals. http://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2016.03.12 Fariello, J. Y., & Moldwin, R. M. (2015). Especially if you have any conditions like vulvar dermatitis, vulvodynia, vaginitis, or a basic yeast infection. I figured it was just another yeast It isnt known exactly what causes it. Hazel, meanwhile, found reiki alleviated her symptoms. This document reflects emerging clinical and scientific advances as of the date issued and is subject to change. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Is alcohol and weight loss surgery a risky combination? The pain may also be confined to one small area such as the clitoris (localised provoked vulvodynia), or felt all over the vulva (generalised unprovoked vulvodynia). Future research should aim at evaluating a multimodal approach in the treatment of vulvodynia, along with more research on the etiologies of vulvodynia. Several online anecdotes do link oxalates with autism or vulvodynia, but only a few studies have looked into possible connections. Oxalic acid is an organic compound found in many plants, including leafy greens, vegetables, fruits, cocoa, nuts, and seeds (1). Translational Andrology and Urology, 4(5), 587588. This is partly because they are unable to regulate the amount of oxalate they absorb. Minerva Ginecol 2012;64:43745. 345, October 2006. High oxalate is classified as greater than 50 mg per serving. And, according to the Vulval Pain Society, a potential 8.6 million women in the UK will experience it at some point during their lives. The authors of that study concluded that dietary oxalate might worsen, rather than cause, the condition. Try a foam rubber donut for a softer sitting surface. The following may be helpful in relieving or reducing symptoms: Wear When you swim or exercise, remove wet or sweaty clothing quickly. ), Figure 3. Burning pain down there? What you eat may have an effect on your symptoms, for better or for worse. Tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants take up to 3 weeks to achieve adequate pain control. Dont wear pantyhose. This is because half of the oxalate found in urine is produced by the body rather than absorbed from food (8, 9). Alternatively, for further or more recent research on oxalates and vulval pain, you can visit the PubMed database, which allows you to search for studies online. Idiopathic vulvar pain is classified as vulvodynia. She described how mast cells appear close to blood vessels and nerves, and they release inflammatory mediators when degranulated; however, mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) involves mast cells that do not get degranulated properly and affect specific organs like the bladder. What Are the Causes of Painful Ejaculation? I spent hours on Google trying to find out what was wrong with me. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014;18:93100 . All rights reserved. Many of Hazels relationships broke down as a result of vulvodynia. Medications used to treat vulvar pain include topical, oral, and intralesional medicinal substances, as well as pudendal nerve blocks and botulinum toxin. Considering the association between mast cells and acute inflammatory responses and how mast cells release proinflammatory mediators, it makes sense that dysfunctions such as vulvodynia as well as IC and BPS can result from an excessive amount and dysfunctional granulation of mast cells. What causes vulvodynia? Sometimes the pain goes away if you use creams that contain estrogen or cortisone. Vulvoscopy with the use of an acetic acid vulvar soak can cause severe pain and distress from irritation. Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:e7884. If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, seek emergency treatment immediately. Use only 100% cotton pads and tampons. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, posted on the Internet, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Plus, get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness. A. Vulvar pain caused by a specific disorder*, Infectious (eg, recurrent candidiasis, herpes), Inflammatory (eg, lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, immunobullous disorders), Neoplastic (eg, Paget disease, squamous cell carcinoma), Neurologic (eg, postherpetic neuralgia, nerve compression or injury, neuroma), Trauma (eg, female genital cutting, obstetric), Iatrogenic (eg, postoperative, chemotherapy, radiation), Hormonal deficiencies (eg, genitourinary syndrome of menopause [vulvovaginal atrophy], lactational amenorrhea), B. VulvodyniaVulvar pain of at least 3 months' duration, without clear identifiable cause, which may have potential associated factors, Localized (eg, vestibulodynia, clitorodynia), generalized, or mixed (localized and generalized), Provoked (eg, insertional, contact), spontaneous, or mixed (provoked and spontaneous), Temporal pattern (intermittent, persistent, constant, immediate, delayed), *Women may have a specific disorder (eg, lichen sclerosus) and vulvodynia. Its important to keep your vaginal area cool and dry. Avoid scented, perfumed creams, soaps, and bubble bath. Take a deep breath. Vulvodynia causes severe pain, burning, and stinging of the vulva. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010;89:138595. Screening for musculoskeletal causes of pelvic pain. Foods This is a detailed article about oxalate and its health effects. Other topical agents found to be no more effective than placebo include cromolyn 4% and nifedipine 10. Foods moderately high in oxalate (10 mg to 40 mg per serving) include: Other nuts, like walnuts, peanuts, pistachios, and pecans, and nut butters Tahini and sesame seeds All-purpose flour and bread products, like bagels Oranges and grapefruits Dried fruit, like pineapples, dates, and figs Brown rice Tofu, soy protein, soy milk, and veggie burgers Tight clothing restricts airflow to your genital area, often leading to increased temperature and moisture that can cause Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health, plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise, pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, andmore. In late 1999, I started having burning pain in my vulva. The pain essentially effects every part of your life,' Adib says. See Box 2 for vulvar care measures that can minimize vulvar irritation. Palpation of the pubovaginalis portion of the levator ani. The lack of randomized studies and insufficient information on complication rates preclude recommendation for vestibulectomy as the initial treatment for localized pain. However, across-the-board oxalate restriction is no longer recommended for every person with kidney stones. Vulvodynia: Foods May be Fueling the FireMes Airpods N'apparaissent Pas Dans Localiser, Delaware Car Accident Report, 50 Gi 1911 Conversion, David Zaslav Phone Number, Hilarious Group Names, Articles F