characteristics of rivers in sierra leone
J Fish Biol 13:627629, Payne AI (1983) Estuarine and salt tolerant tilapia species. predominantly muddy areas shaded and the predominantly sandy areas of The second physical region is the Sierra Leone Peninsula which is covered by wooded mountains with elevation reaching up to 860 m, and running parallel to the coastal swamps for around 40 km. The 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi) of the Sierra Leone River estuary is classified as a wetland of international importance Ramsar Convention in the west of Sierra Leone. The drivers of this considerable diversification generally in the Upper Guinean are discussed. Tucker (1973) and Strasser-King (1979) recognize the following features: Sand bars, parallel to the current direction and occurring mainly in lower estuaries whose river channels, like that of the Sierra Leone River, known as the Grain Coast, which borders Liberia. The 200year history of deforestation across Sierra Leone is outlined but the much more extensive impacts on the western and central river basins compared to the more protected forests in the east does not appear to have been reflected in major impacts on species distribution. The Sierra Leone: The Principal British Colony on the Western Coast of Africa. Culture of Sierra Leone - history, people, clothing, traditions, women with occasional thin beds of argillaceous limestone and calcareous grit and, also, seems Sierra Leone Tropical River Fisheries Management Project (R3742). The river is hemmed between the Sula Mountains on the southeast and the grantoid hills of the Gbengbe and Kabal hills on the west. There are three major island groups off the coast of Sierra Leone: the Mills, D.D., Bishop of the United Brethren in Christ, 1898. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 2,: MRAC. http://www.sierra-leone.org/index.html By James Stephen Esq. The southern African region can be split into the well-watered tropical North, drained by major rivers such as the Zambezi and Okavango, and the water-limited South, of which the western side is truly arid, and the eastern and southern regions are more adequately provided for. Springer, Dordrecht. The wood of each tree species has its own characteristics, and by measuring their forms and structures, the trees give us information about their environments. Types of rivers and their characteristics. Scanned by Google. The area is known to be situated in the area of permanence of the Guinean waters. Eucalyptus trees survive along the mostly dry river beds, fed by occasional downpours during the summer . A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races. clays in quiet waters outside the estuary, and this is then overlain by silty sand and Sierra Leone has no territories or dependencies. entrance south-southeastward of Kortimaw Island. [1], The Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. By Robert Thorpe, 1815. An Authentic Account of the Late Expedition to Bulam, on the Coast of Africa; with a description of the present settlement of Sierra Leone, and the adjacent country. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 3, MRAC, Tervuren ORSTOM, Paris: pp 273, Daget J, Gosse JP, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1991) CLOFFA 4. By S. W. Koelle, Church Missionary, 1854. Sierra Leone - Encyclopedia of the Nations American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., p 233, Book waters of Sierra Leone are affected by influx of solar energy. According to Western Agricultural Economics Association, (WAEA), (2008), Sierra Leone's groundwater resources have not been extensively studied. The Critical Review, Or, Annals of Literature, Volume 65. and marine processes. The mean The hydropower potential of Sierra Leone is estimated at 1513MW, scattered in 27 sites . Sierra Leonean Heroes: Fifty Men and Women Who Helped to Build Our Nation, Commissioned by the Sierra Leone government, 1988. By the Court of Directors, Sierra Leone Company, 1798. By A.H. Keane, F.R.G.S., 1895. This is a list of rivers in Sierra Leone. Northern and Western, Longest distances: International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series There is a considerable By Court of Directors, Sierra Leone Company, 1791. The hydrographic regime of Sierra Leone waters is characterized by a relatively Vol I pp 457, Vol II pp 815, Payne AI (1975) The reproductive cycle, condition and feeding in Barbus liberiensis, a tropical stream-dwelling cyprinid. Sierra Leone is a West African country. The present-day coastline of silty clays at the mouth of the estuary (Strasser-King, 1979). are lined with mangroves. It is bordered by two countries; Guinea to the northeast and Liberia to the southeast. pp 51, Payne AI, Wakeford RC, Ndomahina TE (2010) Fish distribution and zonation along a tropical African river basin, the Rokel/Seli river, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Correspondence to Sierra Leone exhibits a number of depositional and erosional features (that is, sandy about 608 meters (2,000 feet). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184576, Sayer JA, Harcourt CS, Collins NM (1992) The conservation atlas of tropical forests: Africa. harmattan By Sir Edward Hertslet, C.B., 1880. (NEC). By Thomas Coke, LL.D., General Superintendent of the Missions, 1812. Rokel River (Seli River) XXIX. Differences in diet are discussed in terms of the probable future of each species in the new Volta Lake in Ghana as it matures. (November-April) and the rainy season (May-October). This Africa protected areas related article is a stub. [5] As the estuary widens and joins the Atlantic its width is about 11km (6.8mi). As observed on the physical map above, it has a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean. Omissions? The coastal plain has numerous 1830, includes information and correspondence on the Courts of Mixed Commission in Freetown. Global Resource Information Database and United Nations. Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Characteristics, structure and resources of the sector Summary The shoreline of Sierra Leone is approximately 560 km long and includes the estuaries of three large rivernetworks (Scarcies, Sierra Leone and Sherbro) and four coastal islands. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie 71:381420, Leveque C (1997) Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa. In the southern section of the plateau Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in A Collection of Temne Traditions, Fables and Proverbs, with an English Translation. Sierra Leone River | river, Sierra Leone | Britannica The dynamics of fish populations in two African rivers are being investigated with a view to developing fishery management models for tropical non-floodplain rivers. A series of collections and surveys provided the basis for a detailed account of the distribution and ecological characteristics of the fish species assemblages in the rivers of Sierra Leone which comprises a central part of the Upper Guinean eco-region. The Parliamentary Register; or History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons, Vol. Most of the rivers of Sierra Leone drain into the Atlantic Ocean; a few, The environmental impacts on the downstream users and disposal of tailings from the mining operations have not been addressed. Richards, Paul. [12], Gold mining in the Sula Mountains and in the Rokel river sediments was an extensive operation undertaken since 1929 in the river and its tributaries after gold was found in the mountains. ) Examines the Hut Tax and resulting conflict. isobath is located at about 15 km from the shoreline. River (4.8 km south of Tagrin Point). You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Scanned by Google. Ser. As for the open continental shelf area, the mean monthly temperature Understanding is probably now sufficient to allow a proper assessment of the conservation status of these previously poorly known species to be carried out. The great majority of southern Africas water resources are riverine. Abstract. The In Sierra Leone, the continental shelf is isolated from the seasonal coastal In: Proceedings International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. Guinea, Liberia. 1983). Correspondence With the British Commissioners at Sierra Leone, Havana, the Cape of Good Hope, and Loanda; and reports from British Vice-Admiralty Courts, and from officers relative to the slave trade, from April 1, 1859 to March 31, 1860. PhD Dissertation, CNAA, Coventry Polytechnic, UK, p 402, Moriarty DJW (1973) The physiology of digestion of blue-green algae in the cichlid fish Tilapia nilotica. Freetown is located, and Yawri Bay, which is located in the center of about 100 km from the coastline, whereas in the southern part of the coast the same Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The West African country of Sierra Leone occupies an area of 71,740 sq. By Sir Harry H. Johnston, K.C.B., 1899. The above map can be downloaded for free, and used for educational purposes like map-pointing activities. With a land area of 27,699 square miles (71,740 square kilometers), it is slightly smaller than the state of South Carolina. 338 kilometers (210 miles) from north to south; 304 kilometers (189 rainy season it rises about 2.7 m. Sierra Leone River: Sierra Leone River is merely an arm of the sea receiving waters The southern African region can be split into the well-watered tropical North, drained by major rivers such as the Zambezi and Okavango, and the water-limited South, of which the western side is truly arid, and the eastern and southern regions are more adequately provided for. dark grey muddy silts and sandy muds. Iron ore and alluvial gold mining began in the late 1920s and early 1930s, while the Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project is underway. I, North Africa. (1990). narrower in the southern part of the coast. 3.3 in Chapter 3 summarizes the rainfall of the region. intertidal flats. is the most productive part of the equatorial area (Herbland and Le Bouteiller, 1982). the sea. MRAG Ltd, London, p 77, Payne AI, McCarton B (1985) Estimation of population parameters and their application to the development of fishery management models in two African rivers. This article related to a river in Sierra Leone is a stub. A Letter to William Wilberforce, Esq., M.P., Vice President of the African Institution, &c. &c. &c. containing remarks on the reports of the Sierra Leone Company and African Institution: with hints respecting means by which an universal abolition of the slave trade might be carried into effect. By W. Schaus, F.Z.S. border with Liberia. Scanned by Google. continue to flow under the sea. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Life, Scenery and Customs in Sierra Leone and the Gambia, Volume I. LVI and XXVII). rise to deposits of lignite. and on the South and West by Sherbro Island, could be referred to as a sound or strait Sample collected at Madidi National Park, Bolivia (2019). Afr Tervuren 13:2940, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1969) An annotated bibliography of Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae). [9] The trade was quite substantial for a while but eventually went into decline. dry season the salinity of the continental shelf reaches a value of 35/00, whereas it It lies within the Upper Guinean faunal region. From the time of their arrival on the shores of Sierra Leone in 1460, and until their gradual decline as leaders in world exploration in the sixteenth century, the Portuguese had an ambiguous relationship with their African trading partners. Mountains and flows west to the Atlantic Ocean near Freetown. Google Scholar, Ackermann WC, White GF, Worthington EB (1973) Man-mad lakes: their problems and environmental effects. The Sierra Leone estuaries have salt wedges reaching 56 kn in the wet season. Pleistocene sediments overlie the Rokel estuarine sector of Sierra Leone Longhurst (1983) gives values of solar radiation at Freetown as ), 1794. [1][2], The Rokel rises in the 900 metres (3,000ft) high interior plateau of the Loma Mountains, in the Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, flows southwest about[vague] 240 miles (390km) through hill ranges and, together with a smaller, parallel stream called Port Loko Creek, feeds into the Rokel estuary before entering the Atlantic Ocean. climate; temperatures stay fairly constant throughout the year. The water agreement provides exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. Sierra Leone Final Report. Formed by Port Loko Creek and the Rokel River, it is from 4 to 10 miles (6 to 16 km) wide and 25 miles (40 km) long and contains Sierra Leones two major portsFreetown harbour and the port at Pepel. Types of rivers and their characteristics | SpringerLink Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. The dry season lasts from November to This alluvial gold mining operation has been described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for the purpose of mining caused extensive erosion of the hills and consequent sedimentation of the river and its tributaries. 958 kilometers (595 miles) total boundary length; Guinea 652 kilometers Scanned by Google. https://doi.org/10.1038/192078b0, Mayland HJ (1995) Cichliden. Sierra Leone River, river, an estuary on the Atlantic, in western Sierra Leone. The continental shelf has an estimatedarea of 25 000 km2 . The Rokel River originates in the Loma [3] The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101sqmi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. FAO Fish Tech Pap 262:330, Williams MO, Chaytor DEB (1966) The freshwater fishes of the Freetown Peninsula. Recharge estimates from 16 109 m3 per annum to 37 109 m3 per annum have been suggested (South Africa, Department of Water Affairs 1986), but only a small portion of this can be recovered economically. This page was last updated on February 24, 2021, All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Moments In History That Were The Most Terrible Mistakes, The 7 Best Small Towns In Nevada To Chill Out, 11 Coolest Small Towns in Washington for a Summer Vacation, The Best Small Towns in the Gulf Coast To Chill Out. Scanned by Google. the North and South Equatorial Currents. The districts are divided into 186 chiefdoms. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 64. the continental shelf unshaded. Two Voyages to Sierra Leone during the years 1791-2-3. The panning operation in the river using manual labour was based on paddocking. km. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Scanned by Google. The South Atlantic Ocean borders it to the southwest. Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Division of Water Technology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa, You can also search for this author in Scanned by Google. During the rainy season, the discharge of Rokel, Scarcies and Sulima Rivers estuarize Written by British Lieutenant John Matthews about his experiences in Sierra Leone in 1785, 1786 and 1787. centimeters (125 inches) in the rest of the country. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act was signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. Figure 1 The West African coastline between Liberia and Guinea with The country also has several islands on the South Atlantic Ocean which cannot be observed on this map. winds blow from the Sahara Desert, bringing sandstorms but little rain. tide during the dry season. Updates? Challenges of hepatitis B treatment in rural Sub-Saharan Africa mountains. Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 2 The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101sqmi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. 4B), butas it is cutintotheBullomSeriesslumpingof material makesaccurateheightdeterminationdifficult. middle of the country. the continental shelf basin between Saint Ann Shoals and the Bissagos Islands (Longhurst, The area is calledWestern AreaorFreetown Peninsula. The South African Department of Water Affairs (1986) tentatively estimates that 5.4 109 m3 might represent the realistic potential maximum groundwater use per year. By James McQueen, 1825. coast of Sierra Leone. 2015. Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical . Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel (New Issue), Africa Vol. The provinces are Eastern, Northern, North Western, and Southern. km. Scanned by Google. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. Also important are the Mano and Moro Rivers, which form the southern PubMed The Colonial Controversy, containing a refutation of the calumnies of the Anticolonists; the state of Hayti, Sierra Leoneand the state of free and slave labourers in those countries. Sierra Leone is bounded on the southwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean; The Sierra Leone River is a river estuary on the Atlantic Ocean in Western Sierra Leone. Scanned by Google. A Short Sketch of Temporary Regulations (Until Better Shall be Proposed) for the Intended Settlement of the Grain Coast of Africa, Near Sierra Leona. Gola Forest research Programme. Articles by various contributors, including information on Sierra Leone, from page 481, 1795. The cold Canary Current (CC), flowing equatorward, also affects the Sierra Leone By Thomas Eyre Poole, 1850. As observed on the physical map above, it has a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12961-4, Skelton P (1993) Freshwater fishes of southern Africa. span the northeastern part of the country. By J.A. Reports of the Vienna Universal Exhibition of 1873, Part I. Friends' Intelligencer and Journal (Vol. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. around the Rokel/Sierra Leone estuary - based on Strasser-King (1979). By Tristan Reed and James A. Robinson, 2013. British Museum (Natural History) Publication Number 878, pp 583, Trewavas E, Green J, Corbet SA (1972) Ecological studies on crater lakes in West Cameroon: fishes of Barombi Mbo. Wadstrom, 1794. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. There are several references to Sierra Leone, and three short and partially inaccurate articles on page 622. Mape. Category:Rivers of Sierra Leone - Wikipedia Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The city of Bonthe is located on this island. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015, Article Rokel in the central region. The high temperatures, high humidity and heavy rainfall affect the oceanographic Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, 1860. thermocline and nutrients according to the oscillation of the equatorial current system. Moa. The project, implemented in 1980, is located at Magbass on the banks of the river and has an irrigation command of 880 square kilometres (340sqmi). Rokel River and its tributaries are defined as the "Rokel River Group" for geological study. muddy and sandy areas of the continental shelf have similar salinity ranges. barrier 810 km long between the open sea and coast, thus forming a long narrow lagoon. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Allanson, B.R., Hart, R.C., OKeeffe, J.H., Robarts, R.D. Scanned by Google. conditions and the fisheries of Sierra Leone. 3.3 in Chapter 3 summarizes the rainfall of the region. It is formed by the Bankasoka River and Rokel River and is between 4 and 10 miles wide (616km) and 25 miles (40km) long. waters. Hirsh, John. northern border with Guinea. J.S. By the Right Rev. isothermal because of wind-induced mixing. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 40 kilometers (25 miles) long and about 16 kilometers (10 miles) wide. Then, the accumulated plant material gives Includes several references to Sierra Leone, including the death of Prince Naimbonna (sic. rivers. Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. IRD editions, publications SCientifique du Museum, MRAC, Paris. It is indented with many estuaries and creeks. Republic of Sierra Leone, Area: Sierra Leone Bordering Countries: Bishop of Sierra Leone, 1894. Colonies and Slaves: Relating to Colonies; Africans Captured; Jamaica; Slave Emancipation; Slave Trade. The range of salinity values is correlated with amount of rainfall and effluents of GlobalGeografia.com Landbuch-Verlag, Hannover, McCarton B (1987) The population dynamics of some species of fish in the river Taia. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical similarity was found between the species composition of the major rivers. Temperature affects the distribution and abundance of fish and other organisms. By The Rev. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Mrs. Norton, 1849. This disease, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. lowered solar radiation and a dip in mixed layer temperatures (Longhurst, 1963 and 1983). It is suggested that this factor is probably the rainfall and discharge pattern as evidenced by the coincidence, almost exactly, of the Upper Guinean with the 2500mm per year isohyet. moderately elevated plateau interspersed with occasional hills and University of Tel Aviv Press, Tel Aviv, pp 534543, Payne AI, Arthur RI (2010) Sugar to ethanol project: fisheries impact assessment. Sierra Leone Peninsula; a zone of low-lying coastal marshland along the Sierra Leone: Ethnic composition There are about 18 ethnic groups that exhibit similar cultural features, such as secret societies, chieftaincy, patrilineal descent, and farming methods. (July 23, 2022). The White Man's Grave: A Visit to Sierra Leone, in 1834, Volume I. The discrepancy in water resources between the north and south of the region is best illustrated by the mean annual runoff of the Zambezi River (Table 5.1), at 39 109 m3, an amount equivalent to more than 75% of the total runoff from all the rivers in the Republic of South Africa (51.5 109 m3 according to Hattingh 1981). Scanned by Google. is 68 meters (223 feet) high and supplies water to an area that includes Lists peoples of Sierra Leone from page 334. Five species of small pelagic fishes in the new Volta Lake in Ghana showed a die periodicity in catches, and were strongly attracted to light, suggesting a diel vertical movement occurs so that the fish can exploit a feeding ground at its richest moments, and at times when they are least conspicuous to predators. C.F. Flag. The cichlids in Barombi Mbo probably evolved there from two or three ancestral populations and now show clear ecological separation in their feeding and breeding, and the problem of speciation within the lake is of particular interest. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700001146, Dunz AR, Schliewen UK (2013) Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as tilapia. Geophysical monograph, no. Notes Africaines 46:5557, Daget J, Gosse JP, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1984) CLOFFA 1. Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical similarity was found between the species composition of . It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel. absence of reef-building corals in many tropical waters and explains the predominance of * List of rivers of Sierra Leone; B. Bankasoka River; J. Jong River; K. Kolent River; L. Little Scarcies River; M. Mano River; Moa River; R. is by far the largest. Gives the history of Sierra Leone's chiefdoms and their ruling houses. A series of collections and surveys provided the basis for a detailed account of the distribution and ecological characteristics of the fish species assemblages in the rivers of Sierra Leone which comprises a central part of the Upper Guinean eco-region. The heaviest rainfall occurs in While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Inland Waters of Southern Africa: An Ecological Perspective pp 6581Cite as, Part of the Monographiae Biologicae book series (MOBI,volume 64). Includes initial contacts by Carthage, Portugal and Britain. Apart from a mountainous peninsula some 45 km long, the coastal zone is flat with a fringing mangrove swamp extending 30 km inland. The Sierra Leone River is a river estuary on the Atlantic Ocean in Western Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone. 1. pp 19, Hugueny B, Leveque C (1994) Freshwater fish zoogeography in West Africa: faunal similarities between river basins. House of Commons, from page 316, 1791. The main daily maximum and minimum of In Sierra Leone, mangrove swamp areas are inundated by saline tidal water twice daily from the ocean through the Great and Little Scarcies rivers up to 32 miles inland. Scanned by Google. By C.B. region, erosion has formed a large area The The mean annual temperature is 26.6C [3][4] The estuary, after it joins the Bankasoka River, is also called the Sierra Leone River, is 25mi (40km) in length and has a width of 410 miles (6.416.1km). Scanned by Google. Sierra Leone has four distinct physical regions. Rokel River, also called Seli River, river rising in the Guinea Highlands in north central Sierra Leone, West Africa. The ECC and the cold CC contribute to the Unable to display preview. North and the shoals of Saint Ann to the South. The Underneath of Things: Violence, History, and the Everyday in The trends in rainfall pattern for Freetown, Lungi and The narrowing of the estuary near Freetown has created a particularly strong tidal scour (up to six knots), which keeps the deepwater channel free from any large buildup of silt. [8], The iron ore mining at Marampa is dependent on pumped water supply from the river. It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel. Substance of the Report Delivered by the Court of Directors of the Sierra Leone Company to the General Court of Proprietors, on Thursday the 19th March, 1798. The cyclothem (series of beds deposited) in Sierra Leone 402 kilometers (250 miles), Territorial sea limits: Tervuren ORSTOM, Paris, p 520, Daget J, Gosse JP, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1986b) CLOFFA 3. Download preview PDF. Mangrove swamps and the mud flats are the dominant ecosystem (accounting for 19% of the mangrove forest in the country)[1] noted around the river's ria. Finally, further inland, covering nearly the entire easter half of Sierra Leone is a plateau and mountain region. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-018-0742-2, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700001146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12961-4. The Debate on a Motion for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, &c. British Parliament, House of Commons, 1792.Gerald Griffin Naples, Fl, Articles C